At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. She was an accomplished performer on the virginal, the keyboard instrument named in honor of her status as the Virgin QueenElizabeth refused to get married because she had devoted her life to her country. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. Determined to avenge the defeat at Novara by taking Spanish-held Naples, the young king personally led an army into Italy. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. By this time most Spaniards were having second thoughts about the new king: Charles had never been to their country, and he could not even speak Spanish. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. Olivares had plans for far-reaching reform that he hoped would solve Spain's economic and political problems. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other ." Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs. In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. In the south, the Italian peninsula was turned into a battleground. The other countries of Europe did not accept that all of the non-European world should be divided between Spain and Portugal. . Nevertheless, Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour (c. 15501552), duke of Somerset, took control of the government. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. Records such as reports from the Christian Council of Elvira in 313 show that Christians immediately began pressuring Jews to convert to Christianity. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. MikeMeHigh. During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. King Francis I became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) A: Enemy Elim . But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. At first the Capetians' control over the other duchies of France was mostly in name only because many were semi-independent kingdoms. English seamen rushed home from all over the globe to defend their homeland for their beloved Gloriana (the nickname given to Elizabeth). Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). The conflic, Catherine de' Medici Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. At the top were kings, who owned the land. Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. More nations are being added in the next updates. Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. Catherine of Aragon died a natural death in the same year. conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. To many Europeans at the time, this was Philip's most impressive achievement. A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader, or head of state.. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. Doria was a soldier-for-hire who hailed from Genoa but, in 1527, held the post of commander of French naval forces. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. In 1282 Sicily had been placed under the rule of Peter of Aragon, a member of a royal family in the Aragon region of Spain. The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. ." Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. By the late 1640s, the Catalans had tired of French rule, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Edward's sister, Mary Tudor, would restore the Catholic faith because she had always been a Catholic. Table of Contents show. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy 22 Feb. 2023 . 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. His only remaining ship, under the command of Juan de Elcano, continued its course back to the harbor at Seville in 1522. Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. the emperor's wishes. Both Katherine When Isabella died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. Pope Clement VII joined Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England in the League of Co gnac, an alliance against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. militia to put down noblemen's efforts to revolt. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. One thing is for sure - Rise of Kingdoms monetization strategy plays a huge role in all of this. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. 2. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. The quest for Asian ports began in Portugal as revenge against the African Muslims, long-time enemies of Portuguese Christians. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. The English Parliament convened to try to come to Frederick's rescue in 1621 but without success because James dissolved the meeting. She was sold to the English, who then turned her over to the Inquisition, an official church court appointed to punish heretics (those who violate church laws), at the French city of Rouen. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). For the rest of the century England and other Protestant states were involved in conflict with Spain and the papacy. The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. Merovingian Kingdom. Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. Yet the Jews found Berber conquests even more threatening. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men Intellectually the Arabs had much to offer since they brought a culture that had combined the influences of Greece and Rome with those of Persia and India. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. timer. The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. James also supported settlement in the New World. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. 6,279 talking about this. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. Please use CTRL+F to search for questions as well as answer, this table contains both English and Vietnamese QA pairs: 1. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. He reached the continent in November. 6. In In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. : preliminary, midterm, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and to! The Tudor dynasty came to an end as Philip was on the Spanish 1512! As three universities 's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that Aragon and were! And retrieval dates revolt in Spain forces of the French seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, Italian. And Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the throne of.... At Cambridge University as well as answer, this table contains both English and Vietnamese QA pairs:.. 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