Successive governments have responded by enacting affirmative action programmes, funding cultural rejuvenation initiatives and negotiating tribal settlements for past breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi. The term “Polynesian” comes from the Greek word meaning “many islands.” Polynesian religion, in general, directly reflects a reality involving the sea and the natural environment. Early visitors from Europe to New Zealand generally referred to the indigenous inhabitants as "New Zealanders" or as "natives". [86][87] Contemporary Māori culture comprises traditional as well as 20th-century influences. Māori film actors include Jemaine Clement, Temuera Morrison, Cliff Curtis, Lawrence Makoare, Manu Bennett, and Keisha Castle-Hughes. [9][i] Likewise, wai māori denotes "fresh water", as opposed to salt water. [ii] Māori people often use the term tangata whenua (literally, "people of the land") to identify in a way that expresses their relationship with a particular area of land; a tribe may be the tangata whenua in one area, but not in another. "[146] Outside of Aotearoa, now used as the Māori name for New Zealand, the Polynesian Cultural Center provides a unique place where students are learning the culture and heritage of the Māori while obtaining a university degree. For the Māori people of the Cook Islands, see, List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania. [137], While the arrival of Europeans had a profound impact on the Māori way of life, many aspects of traditional society have survived into the 21st century. The triangle has its apex at the Hawaiian Islands in the north and its base angles at New Zealand (Aotearoa) in the west and Easter Island (Rapa Nui) in the east. These now[update] extend right through secondary schools (kura tuarua). [134] The key reason for this was that Māori remained almost exclusively a rural population, whereas increasingly the European population was urban especially after 1900. "Only 47 per cent of Māori school-leavers finish school with qualifications higher than NCEA Level One; compared to 74 per cent European; 87 per cent Asian. Of the total population, 248,784 people (32.1%) were aged under 15 years, 193,146 (24.9%) were 15 to 29, 285,657 (36.8%) were 30 to 64, and 48,252 (6.2%) were 65 or older. They were the first humans to cross vast distances of water on ocean-going boats. Joyce, B. and Mathers, B. New Zealand was originally inhabited by the Polynesian Maori, who came in 800 A.D., making New Zealand the youngest country in the world (Tourism New Zealand, 1999-2010). [120][121], Ki-o-rahi and tapawai are two ball sports of Māori origin. 1913; … [20] Another study by Friedlaender et al. In Polynesia, it was common to plant kūmara and yams on mounds. Many hapū with mutually-recognised shared ancestry formed iwi, or tribes, which were the largest social unit in Māori society. Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form. [153], The status of Māori as the indigenous people of New Zealand is recognised in New Zealand law by the term tangata whenua (lit. Settled by Māori and colonised by the British, Auckland is the largest Polynesian city in the world. This is one Hume, Tim. Published by the Maori Interest Group of the NZSG Inc. Nevertheless, Māori groups continued to engage with the government and in legal processes to increase their standing in (and ultimately further their incorporation into) wider New Zealand society. Centuries before Captain Cook explored the South Pacific, Polynesian seafarers in canoes crossed vast swaths of water to colonize lonely islands from Samoa and New Zealand … The Polynesians are the original inhabitants of a vast string of islands in the Pacific Ocean, from New Zealand in the south to Hawaii in the north. Wire Wrapped Turquoise Bay Blue Sea Glass Necklace - NN0. Māori have had reserved seats in the New Zealand Parliament since 1868: presently, this accounts for seven of the 120 seats in New Zealand's unicameral parliament. [135] The main point of contact with the government were the four Māori Members of Parliament. For the Polynesians, religion New Zealand has a shorter human history than any other country. #ancientaliens #polynesian #giants An unknown group of people excavated limestone caves in the Waikato region, New Zealand. Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat Janet M. Wilmshurst , Atholl J. Anderson , Thomas F. G. Higham , Trevor H. Worthy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jun 2008, 105 (22) 7676-7680; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801507105 [13] The Māori used the term Māori to describe themselves in a pan-tribal sense. The Māori Affairs Amendment Act 1974 changed this, allowing individuals to self-identify as to their cultural identity. About the time that England’s King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, a band of Polynesians, probably in a double hull waka with a woven triangular sail, was pounding through the windswept Southern Ocean far to the south of New Zealand. [65] The 1996 census reported 160,000 Māori speakers. "people of the land"), which identifies the traditional connection between Māori and a given area of land. Discovery and migration. Influential Māori politicians such as James Carroll, Āpirana Ngata, Te Rangi Hīroa and Maui Pomare aimed to revitalise the Māori people after the devastation of the previous century. [130], Most Māori lived in villages, which were inhabited by several whānau (extended families) who collectively formed a hapū (clan or subtribe). [75] Their numbers declined during the 19th century, to as low as 42,000; the decline has been attributed to the impact of European colonisation, including new diseases. [31][32][33], A 2020 study found that Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Polynesians came in contact around 1200.[34]. Archaeologists believe that the first settlers came no later than 1300 AD. Although there has been much debate about when and how Polynesians actually started settling New Zealand, the current understanding is that they migrated from East and central Polynesia, the Southern Cook and Society islands region. United States Census Bureau (2003). In addition, more than 140,000 Māori live in Australia. [58], By the late 19th century a widespread belief existed amongst both Pākehā and Māori that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race or culture, and become assimilated into the European population. [131][132], Shared ancestry, intermarriage and trade strengthened relationships between different groups. [163], Debate occurs frequently as to the relevance and legitimacy of the Māori electoral roll and seats. Using relatively advanced maritime innovations like the catamaran, outrigger boats, and crab claw sails, they rapidly colonized the islands of both the Indian and the Pacific oceans. Discover the hot spots of the Polynesians at Easter Island, their ancient roots in the Marquesas Islands and the Maori of New Zealand’s North Island on this journey selected by National Geographic Traveler as one of the 50 Tours of a Lifetime. The Māori language is spoken to some extent by about a fifth of all Māori, representing 3 per cent of the total population. Initial contact between Māori and Europeans proved problematic and sometimes fatal, with Tasman having four of his men killed and probably killing at least one Māori – without ever landing. A 2007 Department of Corrections report found that Māori are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system not only because they commit more crimes but also because they face prejudice at many levels: "a number of studies have shown evidence of greater likelihood, associated only with ethnicity, for Māori offenders to have police contact, be charged, lack legal representation, not be granted bail, plead guilty, be convicted, be sentenced to non-monetary penalties, and be denied release to Home Detention". (2008) have argued for an older pre-Holocene Sundaland origin in Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) based on mitochondrial DNA. Reaching New Zealand. It also cemented a Māori world view and cosmology as a crucial source of identity, interconnectedness and custom. Members of a hapū cooperated with food production, gathering resources, raising families and defence. [14] The term can also refer to the Māori people as a whole in relation to New Zealand (Aotearoa) as a whole. The Polynesians settle in New Zealand. After World War II, te reo Māori use declined steeply in favour of English. Yet while standards of living improved among Māori, they continued to lag behind Pākehā in areas such as health, income, skilled employment and access to higher levels of education. [64] Two Māori language television channels broadcast content in the Māori language,[65][66] while words such as "kia ora" have entered widespread use in New Zealand English. A.Jones and K.Jenkins. Being a traditionally tribal people, no one organisation ostensibly speaks for all Māori nationwide. This is supported by genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence. An early sophisticated East Polynesian voyaging canoe discovered on New Zealand's coast, Dilys A. Johns, PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408491111 Abstract The colonization of … Starting from February 1840, this treaty was signed by the Crown and 500 Māori chiefs from across New Zealand. Polynesians were seafarers, travelling all over the Pacific, including to New Zealand. Polynesians, including Rotumans, Samoans, Tongans, Niueans, Cook Islands Māori, Tahitian Mā'ohi, Hawaiian Māoli, Marquesans and New Zealand Māori, are a subset of the Austronesian peoples. The Polynesian Cultural Center showcases the people and island nations of Hawai'i, Samoa, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Fiji, Tahiti and Tonga. [citation needed] Missionaries, who still ran many Māori schools, had been teaching exclusively in Māori but the Māori MPs insisted this should stop. Māori language use began to decline in the 20th century with English as the language through which Māori literature became widespread. Even on the cloudiest night, the New Zealand glowworm lights up the darkness in a lucky few spots across the country. [140], Although Māori make up only 14 per cent of the population, they make up almost 50 per cent of the prison population. A simple Māori greeting is “Kia Ora” or “hello”. Tensions led to widespread conflict in the 1860s, and the confiscation of millions of acres of Māori land. In legends and oral traditions, the word distinguished ordinary mortal human beings—tāngata māori—from deities and spirits (wairua). This contributes further to the hypothesis that New Zealand Maori are descended from Eastern Polynesians2,12. Māori were also badly hit by the 1918 influenza epidemic, with death rates for Māori being 4.5 times higher than for Pākehā. Story continues Up to now, probably the most compelling evidence that pre-American and … Polynesia means "many islands" in Greek. [28], A 2014 study by Lipson et al. Key New Zealand exports include meat, dairy and petroleum products. [108], Traditional Māori instruments are taonga pūoro. [77], There were 383,019 males and 392,820 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.975 males per female. [56], Nevertheless, relations between Māori and Europeans during the early colonial period were largely peaceful. Ancestors of the Polynesians arrived in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. In the 19th century, European-style literacy was brought to the Māori, which led to Māori history documentation in books, novels and later television. In 2016 she became the first Member of Parliament to have moko kauae (the traditional Māori female facial tattoo). Using the stars and ocean currents as his navigational guides, he ventured across the Pacific on his waka hourua (voyaging canoe) from his ancestral Polynesian homeland of Hawaiki. Like other cultures, oral folklore was used by Māori to preserve their stories and beliefs across many centuries. However, by the 1860s rising settler numbers and tensions over disputed land purchases led to the later New Zealand wars, fought by the colonial government against numerous Māori iwi using local and British Imperial troops, and some allied iwi. While winds may have made it easier to go east, they also came south to Aotearoa. ", "Young Maori Party | Maori cultural association", "Maori Television launches second channel", "Māori Words used in New Zealand English", "Ethnicity takes its course despite middle-class idealism", Report on the Crown's Foreshore and Seabed Policy, "New Zealand's population reflects growing diversity | Stats NZ", "Ethnic group (detailed total response – level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)", "Ethnic group (detailed single and combination) by age group and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2013 -- NZ.Stat", "Sharples suggests Maori seat in Australia", (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data, "Maori culture increasing in importance to NZers", "Hey UK brewers, cultural appropriation is not cool", https://www.countiesmanukau.health.nz/assets/About-CMH/Demographics-and-populations/Census-2013-profile-for-residents-of-Counties-Manukau.pdf, "New Zealand – International Religious Freedom Report 2007", "Islam and Indigenous Populations in Australia and New Zealand", "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – tables", "The Tangi – Religion and spirituality – Tapu and Noa", "Traditional Māori religion – ngā karakia a te Māori – Rituals and ceremonies", "Marae protocol – te kawa o te marae – Pōwhiri process", "Te tāpoi Māori—Māori tourism—Preserving culture", "Leisure in traditional Māori society – ngā mahi a te rēhia – Te whare tapere", "Māori musical instruments – taonga puoro", "Other NZ hits eat dust of 'Fastest Indian, "Thor: Ragnarok director Taika Waititi to portray Korg in film", "Taika Waititi Dedicates His Oscar Win to the Indigenous Kids of the World", "Waititi's Boy sets new record for New Zealand film", "Sundance Crowdpleaser 'Hunt for the Wilderpeople' Makes Box Office History in New Zealand", "43 Māori athletes to head to Rio Olympics", "Māori–Pākehā relations – Sports and race", "McDonald's adopts obscure Maori ball game", Maori Health Web Page: Socioeconomic Determinants of Health–Deprivation, "Over-representation of Maori in the criminal justice system", "Māori experiences of multiple forms of discrimination: findings from Te Kupenga 2013", "Social Report 2004 – Health – Life Expectancy", "Over-representation of Māori in the criminal justice system: An exploratory report", "Iwi claim to All Black haka turned down", "Maori Party drops push to entrench Maori seats", "Political Roundup: The emotional Maori Party demise", Being Maori in the City: Indigenous Everyday Life in Auckland, Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific, tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)], Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Māori_people&oldid=1004149467, Articles containing Hawaiian-language text, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing undetermined-language text, Articles containing Rapa Nui-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles containing Tahitian-language text, Articles containing Cook Islands Māori-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Howe, Kerry (2006). [136], In regards to housing, a 1961 census revealed significant differences in the living conditions of Māori and Europeans. They resumed their eastward migrations by around 700 AD, spreading to the Cook Islands, French Polynesia, and the Marquesas. [71] Both of these sentiments were expressed during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy in 2004.[72][73]. Māori began selectively adopting elements of Western society during the 19th century, including European clothing and food, and later Western education, religion and architecture. Photograph: Hannah Peters/Getty … Rising tensions over disputed land sales led to conflict in the 1860s, and massive land confiscations. [81], Outside of New Zealand, a large Māori population exists in Australia, estimated at 155,000 in 2011. [16] This broadly aligns with analyses from Māori oral traditions, which describe the arrival of ancestors in a number of large ocean-going canoes (waka) in around 1350. Māori suffer more health problems, including higher levels of alcohol and drug abuse, smoking and obesity. Polynesians first discovered New Zealand. [158], Wider commercial exposure has increased public awareness of the Māori culture, but has also resulted in several legal disputes. [23][24] As a result of founder effect, the Polynesian may be distinctively different both genotypically and phenotypically from the parent population from which it is derived. Another attempt at political unity was the Kotahitanga Movement, which established a separate Māori Parliament that held annual sessions from 1892 until its last sitting in 1902. Regression of dates on distance outward suggests an initially slow rate of spread, below 1/2 km y -1 . From here, they spread further to Hawaii by 900 AD, Easter Island by 1000 AD, and finally New Zealand by 1200 AD. The culture was distinguished by distinct dentate-stamped pottery. There were 775,836 people identifying as being part of the Māori ethnic group at the 2018 New Zealand census, making up 16.5% of New Zealand's population. New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern at Polyfest, which celebrates Polynesian culture and heritage. [18], There may have been some exploration and settlement before eruption of Mount Tarawera in about 1315, based on finds of bones from Polynesian rats and rat-gnawed shells,[19] and evidence of widespread forest fires in the decade or so earlier;[20][21] but the most recent evidence points to the main settlement occurring as a planned mass migration somewhere between 1320 and 1350. Notable Māori novelists include Patricia Grace, Witi Ihimaera and Alan Duff. The western boundary is Easter Island. Polynesia means "many islands" in Greek. Early European settlers introduced tools, weapons, clothing and foods to Māori across New Zealand, in exchange for resources, land and labour. The British government sent Royal Navy Captain William Hobson to negotiate a treaty between the British Crown and the Māori, which became known as the Treaty of Waitangi. [19][29][30], Other studies in 2016 and 2017 also support the implications that the earliest Lapita settlers mostly bypassed New Guinea, coming directly from Taiwan or the northern Philippines. The early Māori diet included an abundance of moa and other large birds and fur seals that had never been hunted before. [25][26], Soares et al. [78], In terms of population distribution, 85.7% of Māori live in the North Island and 14.2% live in the South Island. Polynesians settled in New Zealand in the 14th century. [ 102 ] a haka is often performed in a pōwhiri ( welcoming ceremony ). [ ]... Received an unexpected boost when McDonald 's chose it to represent New Zealand the height... Key New Zealand Fern Turquoise A0 1ST ships visited New Zealand, allowing individuals to self-identify as their... 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